In 1653(the ninth year of Emperor Shunzhi's reign of the Qing Dynasty), the Fifth Dalai Lama arrived in Beijing at the invitation of Emperor Shunzhi.After the meeting in Nanyuan,on May 18 of the same year,Emperor Shunzhi sent officials with high ranks to bring a gold album and a gold seal to the Fifth Dalai Lama in De-Kai(present-day Daihai in Inner Mogolia)and bestowed them upon there,who was also conferred upon the title of"Dalai Lama,Buddha of Great Compassion in the West,leader of the Buddhist Faith Beneath the Sky,Holder of the Vajra".

In 1713(the fifty-second year of Emperor Kangxi, s reign), Emperor Kangxi issued an edict to confer upon the Fifth Panchen Lama Blo-bzang-ye-shes (1663-1737) the title of"Panchen Erdeni"and bestowed upon him a gold album and a gold seal. Thus, the systems of Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni were officially established in the Qing Dynasty.From then on, it became a convention that Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas of successive generations should be confirmed and conferred upon the titles by the Central Government.

In 1727 (the fifth year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign), Emperor Yongzheng ordered Sengge, Cabinet Sub-chancellor and Mala, Vice-lieutenant General,to Tibet to handle affairs there,which was the origin of the establishment of Amban in the Qing Dynasty.

In 1750 (the fifteenth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign), vGyur-med-rnam-rgyal who was ready to launch an armed rebellion was killed by Ambans in Tibet.After that, the Qing Government ordered the Seventh Dalai Lama to handle political and religious affairs in Tibet and to exercise, together with the Amban,the leadership of the Local Government of Tibet,which was about to be established.

In 1793 (the fifty-eighth year of Emperor Qianlong'reign), the Qing Government issued a famous Twenty-nine-article Imperial Ordinance in Tibet.It worked out important laws and regulations in many aspects, concerning local political system, official administration, military affairs,foreign affairs,trade,judicature,administration on monasteries,check on financial affairs,taxes and levies of manors,etc.It was an important symbol of the Qing Dynasty's sovereignty over Tibet.

After the Opium War (1840), China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society. The Qing Government, corrupt and inept,gradually relaxed the defense to Tibet.As a result,foreign aggressive forces got a chance to get in.Like other nationalities of China,Tibetans waved brave struggles against imperialists.